【新手向】手把手带你入门的MATLAB的GUI编程实例
文章目录
准备工作编程实例实现目标界面配置可编辑文本框的Callback函数弹出式菜单的配置显示图形——按钮的Callback函数效果演示
全部代码汇总
准备工作
打开MATLAB，在下方命令行窗口里输入代码guide，敲下回车。
然后的内容我就不赘述了，网上有很多很好的入门链接，这里随便摘录几篇：
这篇原理讲的很清楚，可惜例子比较简单，没有涉及画图命令这篇可以用于工具书查找一些控件和调用这篇是讲画图命令的，对新手很友好，力荐
关于如何创建控件、使用控件，这里不再赘述，看看上面的资料应该都懂了。这里主要列举一下一些常见的问题：
问：如何使用这些控件？
答：如下图，把左面你想要的控件用鼠标拖动过来就行了 问：如何编辑控件？
答：这个可以参考前面我列举的链接。实际上，双击你的控件，会弹出下图的框，鼠标滚轮到底，就有如下窗口。下图列举了可编辑文本框三个常用的选项。 问：如何让对应的控件使能？或者说我该怎么用这些控件？
答：以普通按钮为例，你按下按钮后，就会执行Callback函数。所以，你只需要对Callback函数里写上你想执行的功能，每当你按下按钮时，Callback函数里的代码就会被执行一遍。找到回调函数的办法是：右键你想寻找的控件，然后查看回调->Callback
编程实例
实现目标
正弦波信号，生成，指定频率 f，幅度 A，相位 Φ 的正弦波，时长为 L，采样频率 fs 为 1000 Hz，并在 GUI窗口中显示。
方波信号，生成指定幅度 A、占空比 a 的方波信号，时长为 L，采样频率 fs 为 1000 Hz，并在 GUI 窗口 中显示。
混合正弦信号，生成一频率为 f1，另一频率为 f2，幅度均为 A，时长为 L，相位为 0 的混合正弦波信号，采 样频率 fs 为 1000 Hz，并在 GUI 窗口中显示。
生成服从高斯分布的白噪声序列，时长为 L，方差为 σ2，并在 GUI 窗口中显示。
生成服从均匀分布的白噪声序列，时长为 L，方差为 σ2，并在 GUI 窗口中显示。
界面配置
我就以本次大作业的代码为例子，这里偷个懒，我就不写具体如何操作的了，直接放结果，读者只需拖动工具栏，配置得和我一样就行。注意控件命名也要一致，改命名就是改编辑菜单栏里的Tag属性，没列举的代表命名不重要。
可编辑文本框的Callback函数
前面讲了如何找到对应控件的Callback函数，只需右键你想寻找的控件，然后查看回调->Callback即可。当然，也可以直接在m文件里找到对应的代码。然后以控件3为例，将对应的Callback函数替换为如下代码（所有edit1~7都需要如此替换，内容都是一致的）：
function edit3_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
a=str2num(get(hObject,'String')); % 得到其中的字符串并将其转换为数字
if isempty(a) % 判断是否为数据，若否，则将其设置为0
set(hObject,'String','0');
end
guidata(hObject,handles); % 更新数据
大概解释一下这些代码的意思。
get(hObject,'String')是获取该可编辑文本框里的文本内容，返回值是string类型str2num(get(hObject,'String'))是将获取的文本内容转换为数字类型，如果无法转换，就返回空如果返回值为空，为了防止程序出错，我们应该将其值设置为某个安全的值（例如0），这里使用函数set(hObject,'String','0')实现guidata(hObject,handles)是更新数据，方便其他控件调用（后面会讲到）
弹出式菜单的配置
将弹出式菜单内容如此配置，因为是5行，就会有5个选项： 为了方便，在选择对应菜单操作时，就可以直接分配一个默认的初始化值。因此，将弹出式菜单的Callback函数如此配置（当然，不这么做也是不影响程序的正常运行的）：
function popupmenu1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
num = get(handles.popupmenu1, 'Value');
if num == 1 % 正弦波,f1=50,A=2,P=0,L=0.1
set(handles.edit1,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit1,'String','50');
set(handles.edit2,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit2,'String','2');
set(handles.edit3,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit3,'String','0');
set(handles.edit4,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit4,'String','0.1');
set(handles.edit5,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit6,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit7,'Enable','off');
elseif num == 2 % 方波,f1=50,A=2,P=0,L=0.1,a=30,f2=0,s2=0
set(handles.edit1,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit1,'String','50');
set(handles.edit2,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit2,'String','2');
set(handles.edit3,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit4,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit4,'String','0.1');
set(handles.edit5,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit5,'String','30');
set(handles.edit6,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit7,'Enable','off');
elseif num == 3 % 混合正弦,f1=50,A=2,P=0,L=0.1,a=0,f2=40,s2=0
set(handles.edit1,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit1,'String','50');
set(handles.edit2,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit2,'String','2');
set(handles.edit3,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit4,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit4,'String','0.1');
set(handles.edit5,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit6,'String','40');
set(handles.edit7,'Enable','off');
elseif num == 4 % 高斯白,f1=0,A=0,P=0,L=0.1,a=0,f2=0,s2=1
set(handles.edit1,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit2,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit3,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit4,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit4,'String','0.1');
set(handles.edit5,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit6,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit7,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit7,'String','1');
elseif num == 5 % 均匀白,f1=0,A=0,P=0,L=0.1,a=0,f2=0,s2=1
set(handles.edit1,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit2,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit3,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit4,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit4,'String','0.1');
set(handles.edit5,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit6,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit7,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit7,'String','1');
else
disp('弹出式菜单空间范围错误！');
end
这里没什么好说的，应该都能看懂吧。num = get(handles.popupmenu1, 'Value')是获取选项菜单当前值是几，并且执行如下初始化操作。其中set(handles.edit1,'String','0')就是把可编辑文本控件1的值置为0，set(handles.edit5,'Enable','off')是禁止该可编辑文本的更改，set(handles.edit5,'Enable','on')是打开该可编辑文本的更改。
显示图形——按钮的Callback函数
显示图形本质上就是plot就行了。但是plot的参数都在可编辑文本框里，那么如何获取呢？仿照上面的例子，使用get函数就可以了。所以，下面的代码看起来吓人，其实前面都只是在获取其他控件的值而已，重头戏其实只有一行plot。
function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
f1=str2double(get(handles.edit1,'String')); % 获得频率f1
A=str2double(get(handles.edit2,'String')); % 获得幅度A
P=str2double(get(handles.edit3,'String')); % 获得相位P
L=str2double(get(handles.edit4,'String')); % 获得时长L
a=str2double(get(handles.edit5,'String')); % 获得占空比a%
f2=str2double(get(handles.edit6,'String')); % 获得频率f2
s2=str2double(get(handles.edit7,'String')); % 获得方差s2
x=0:1/1000:L; % 定义x范围以及步长
num = get(handles.popupmenu1, 'Value'); % 获取选项菜单值
if num == 1 % 正弦
y=A*sin(2*pi*f1*x+P); % 计算该函数y值
elseif num == 2 % 方波
y=zeros(1,length(x));
y(mod(x,1/f1)<1/f1*(a/100))=1;
elseif num == 3 % 正弦混合
y=A*sin(2*pi*f1*x)+A*sin(2*pi*f2*x);
elseif num == 4 % 高斯白
y=randn(1,length(x))*sqrt(s2);
elseif num == 5 % 均匀白
y=(rand(1,length(x))-0.5)*sqrt(s2*12);
else
y=zeros(1,length(x));
end
plot(x,y); % 绘图并显示在绘图区
效果演示
全部代码汇总
之前为了简略起见，有些省略了的细节，为了方便对照，将全部代码备份如下（含系统自动生成的注释），用于备查。
function varargout = GUI_test1(varargin)
% GUI_TEST1 MATLAB code for GUI_test1.fig
% GUI_TEST1, by itself, creates a new GUI_TEST1 or raises the existing
% singleton*.
%
% H = GUI_TEST1 returns the handle to a new GUI_TEST1 or the handle to
% the existing singleton*.
%
% GUI_TEST1('CALLBACK',hObject,eventData,handles,...) calls the local
% function named CALLBACK in GUI_TEST1.M with the given input arguments.
%
% GUI_TEST1('Property','Value',...) creates a new GUI_TEST1 or raises the
% existing singleton*. Starting from the left, property value pairs are
% applied to the GUI before GUI_test1_OpeningFcn gets called. An
% unrecognized property name or invalid value makes property application
% stop. All inputs are passed to GUI_test1_OpeningFcn via varargin.
%
% *See GUI Options on GUIDE's Tools menu. Choose "GUI allows only one
% instance to run (singleton)".
%
% See also: GUIDE, GUIDATA, GUIHANDLES
% Edit the above text to modify the response to help GUI_test1
% Last Modified by GUIDE v2.5 11-Jan-2021 15:32:18
% Begin initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @GUI_test1_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @GUI_test1_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end
if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
% End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
% --- Executes just before GUI_test1 is made visible.
function GUI_test1_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% This function has no output args, see OutputFcn.
% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% varargin command line arguments to GUI_test1 (see VARARGIN)
% Choose default command line output for GUI_test1
handles.output = hObject;
% Update handles structure
guidata(hObject, handles);
% UIWAIT makes GUI_test1 wait for user response (see UIRESUME)
% uiwait(handles.figure1);
% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line.
function varargout = GUI_test1_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% varargout cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT);
% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Get default command line output from handles structure
varargout{1} = handles.output;
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton1.
function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
f1=str2double(get(handles.edit1,'String')); % 获得频率f1
A=str2double(get(handles.edit2,'String')); % 获得幅度A
P=str2double(get(handles.edit3,'String')); % 获得相位P
L=str2double(get(handles.edit4,'String')); % 获得时长L
a=str2double(get(handles.edit5,'String')); % 获得占空比a%
f2=str2double(get(handles.edit6,'String')); % 获得频率f2
s2=str2double(get(handles.edit7,'String')); % 获得方差s2
x=0:1/1000:L; % 定义x范围以及步长
num = get(handles.popupmenu1, 'Value'); % 获取选项菜单值
if num == 1 % 正弦
y=A*sin(2*pi*f1*x+P); % 计算该函数y值
elseif num == 2 % 方波
y=zeros(1,length(x));
y(mod(x,1/f1)<1/f1*(a/100))=1;
elseif num == 3 % 正弦混合
y=A*sin(2*pi*f1*x)+A*sin(2*pi*f2*x);
elseif num == 4 % 高斯白
y=randn(1,length(x))*sqrt(s2);
elseif num == 5 % 均匀白
y=(rand(1,length(x))-0.5)*sqrt(s2*12);
else
y=zeros(1,length(x));
end
plot(x,y); % 绘图并显示在绘图区
% --- If Enable == 'on', executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border.
% --- Otherwise, executes on mouse press in 5 pixel border or over pushbutton1.
function pushbutton1_ButtonDownFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
function edit1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit1 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit1 as a double
a=str2num(get(hObject,'String')); % 得到其中的字符串并将其转换为数字
if isempty(a) % 判断是否为数据，若否，则将其设置为50
set(hObject,'String','50');
end
guidata(hObject,handles); % 更新数据
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit2_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit2 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit2 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit2 as a double
a=str2num(get(hObject,'String')); % 得到其中的字符串并将其转换为数字
if isempty(a) % 判断是否为数据，若否，则将其设置为2
set(hObject,'String','2');
end
guidata(hObject,handles); % 更新数据
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit2_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit2 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit3_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit3 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit3 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit3 as a double
a=str2num(get(hObject,'String')); % 得到其中的字符串并将其转换为数字
if isempty(a) % 判断是否为数据，若否，则将其设置为0
set(hObject,'String','0');
elseif a>100||a<0 % 防止错误数据范围
set(hObject,'String','30');
end
guidata(hObject,handles); % 更新数据
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit3_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit3 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit4_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit4 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit4 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit4 as a double
a=str2num(get(hObject,'String')); % 得到其中的字符串并将其转换为数字
if isempty(a) % 判断是否为数据，若否，则将其设置为0.1
set(hObject,'String','0.1');
end
guidata(hObject,handles); % 更新数据
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit4_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit4 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit5_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit5 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit5 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit5 as a double
a=str2num(get(hObject,'String')); % 得到其中的字符串并将其转换为数字
if isempty(a) % 判断是否为数据，若否，则将其设置为0.3
set(hObject,'String','0.3');
end
guidata(hObject,handles); % 更新数据
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit5_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit5 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
% --- Executes on selection change in popupmenu1.
function popupmenu1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to popupmenu1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: contents = cellstr(get(hObject,'String')) returns popupmenu1 contents as cell array
% contents{get(hObject,'Value')} returns selected item from popupmenu1
num = get(handles.popupmenu1, 'Value');
if num == 1 % 正弦波,f1=50,A=2,P=0,L=0.1
set(handles.edit1,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit1,'String','50');
set(handles.edit2,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit2,'String','2');
set(handles.edit3,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit3,'String','0');
set(handles.edit4,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit4,'String','0.1');
set(handles.edit5,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit6,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit7,'Enable','off');
elseif num == 2 % 方波,f1=50,A=2,P=0,L=0.1,a=30,f2=0,s2=0
set(handles.edit1,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit1,'String','50');
set(handles.edit2,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit2,'String','2');
set(handles.edit3,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit4,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit4,'String','0.1');
set(handles.edit5,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit5,'String','30');
set(handles.edit6,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit7,'Enable','off');
elseif num == 3 % 混合正弦,f1=50,A=2,P=0,L=0.1,a=0,f2=40,s2=0
set(handles.edit1,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit1,'String','50');
set(handles.edit2,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit2,'String','2');
set(handles.edit3,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit4,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit4,'String','0.1');
set(handles.edit5,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit6,'String','40');
set(handles.edit7,'Enable','off');
elseif num == 4 % 高斯白,f1=0,A=0,P=0,L=0.1,a=0,f2=0,s2=1
set(handles.edit1,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit2,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit3,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit4,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit4,'String','0.1');
set(handles.edit5,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit6,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit7,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit7,'String','1');
elseif num == 5 % 均匀白,f1=0,A=0,P=0,L=0.1,a=0,f2=0,s2=1
set(handles.edit1,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit2,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit3,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit4,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit4,'String','0.1');
set(handles.edit5,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit6,'Enable','off');
set(handles.edit7,'Enable','on');
set(handles.edit7,'String','1');
else
disp('弹出式菜单空间范围错误！');
end
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function popupmenu1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to popupmenu1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: popupmenu controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit6_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit6 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit6 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit6 as a double
a=str2num(get(hObject,'String')); % 得到其中的字符串并将其转换为数字
if isempty(a) % 判断是否为数据，若否，则将其设置为40
set(hObject,'String','40');
end
guidata(hObject,handles); % 更新数据
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit6_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit6 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit7_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit7 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit7 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit7 as a double
a=str2num(get(hObject,'String')); % 得到其中的字符串并将其转换为数字
if isempty(a) % 判断是否为数据，若否，则将其设置为1
set(hObject,'String','1');
end
guidata(hObject,handles); % 更新数据
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit7_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit7 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end